The vertebral artery is divided into four segments (V1–V4; Figure 1). The V1 segment originates at the subclavian artery and extends to the transverse foramina of either the fifth or sixth ...

Accessory Transverse Foramen (ATF): An additional foramen that may be present in the cervical vertebrae, which can affect the course of the vertebral artery and has implications for anatomical ...

Background: Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is an important cause of stroke in the young. It can present nonspecifically and may be misdiagnosed with adverse consequences. We assessed the ...

Coronary artery bypass surgery is a procedure to treat coronary heart disease. There are various types, including multiple bypass and minimally invasive. The medical name for coronary artery or ...

After the post-season revelation that Denver Broncos quarterback Bo Nix had played since Week 12 against the Las Vegas Raiders with transverse process back fractures, many fans have asked ...

Introduction: Current guidelines solely recommend optimal medical therapy including antiplatelet, lipid lowering, and antihypertensive treatment due to the unclear efficacy of stenting and ...

An artery that temporarily runs down the center of our forearms while we're still in the womb isn't vanishing as often as it used to, according to a study published in 2020 from researchers at ...

Background The vertebral artery (VA) ostium (VAO) is a common stenosis site. Most patients with VAO stenosis refractory to medical treatment are treated endovascularly using stenting. To optimally ...

Some scientific studies have suggested a link between migraine with aura and a patent foramen ovale (PFO), a relatively common congenital heart defect. With this postulated link, controversy arose ...

Additionally, calcification was reported to be prevalent in patients with stenotic lesions of the intracranial vertebral artery. Thus, reliable imaging facilities for evaluating plaque calcification ...

Aside from the axillary artery, the subclavian arteries branch into the internal thoracic artery, vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, and dorsal scapular artery. There are two ...

IH was assessed indirectly by the quotient of the optic nerve sheet diameter (ONSD)/eyeball transverse diameter on both sides as ... tonsil position in relation to the McRae line, indicating foramen ...