Aside from the axillary artery, the subclavian arteries branch into the internal thoracic artery, vertebral artery, costocervical trunk, thyrocervical trunk, and dorsal scapular artery.

In addition, in cases of subclavian steal from the vertebral artery, there is a graded system showing a progressive change in the ipsilateral vertebral artery waveform. Grade I lesions demonstrate ...

Overall complication rates were similar to those seen with transfemoral access, however, and patients liked it better.

and there is also a hemodynamically significant lesion in the proximal left subclavian artery. Flow reversal can occur in both the vertebral and internal mammary artery, or can be isolated to ...