You think of op amps as amplifiers because, no kidding, it is right in the name. But just like some people say, “you could do ...

RRIO op-amp A1’s positive input being tied to the V L positive rail allows R1 to act as a current sink between ground and A1’s summing point. This ramps A1’s output positively to: Given that C1 = C2, ...

Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States Center for Quantum Information Science and Technology, University of Southern ...