There are two paths of the adaptive immune response: the humoral response that uses antibodies, and the cell-mediated response which uses cytotoxic T cells. Antibodies are small Y shaped proteins that ...

Plasma cells (PCs) are the terminal differentiation stage of activated B cells and serve as crucial effector cells in humoral immunity. While PCs have ...

Biological models are experimental systems that recreate aspects of human tissue function or disease. For example, certain tumour cell lines may serve as cancer models, and transgenic mice that ...

In patients with RCC, exceptional response to immunotherapy may be related to clonal neoantigen-driven cytotoxic T-cell ...

In humoral immunity, immunoglobin can combine with antigens in an anti-infection response accompanied by complement activation. Increasing levels of C3 and C4 (two of the 11 human complements) are ...

These target humoral immunity, inducing IgG responses and limiting viral spread. However, antigenic drift necessitates frequent reformulation, reducing their reliability against new strains.

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Leprosy, an ancient disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, continues to pose significant public health challenges, ...

Collins Mamudu, a Nigerian scientist, has laid a claim to a breakthrough in the fight against malaria by developing a potential subunit vaccine that could significantly enhance global efforts to ...

Gao, F. (2025) Research on the Causes and Preventive Measures of Pregnancy Complicated by Acute Abdomen. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 15, 97-107. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2025.151010 .

These soluble mediators inhibit some non-specific and specific parts of the cellular immune response and stimulate some specific parts of the humoral immune response. Solid lines are stimulation and ...