As with many inventions, two people had the idea for an integrated circuit at almost the same time. Transistors had become commonplace in everything from radios to phones to computers, and now ...

The audio output from condenser MIC is preamplified by transistor T3 (BC548). The audio output from T3 is further amplified by transistor T2 (BD139), which modulates the RF amplifier built around ...

However, ensuring these advantages are maintained for integrated circuits is a challenge. Here we demonstrate that a significant reduction in the use of field-effect transistors can be achieved by ...

if it does, you’ll need to pick up the following to get going: +An infrared LED, an infrared photo-diode +Two BC548 transistors +A 10 nF capacitor +A 4K7 resistor, a 47 K resistor, a 15K ...