were randomized to receive dopamine or norepinephrine. Patients who had already received vasopressors for more than 4 hours were excluded. Treating physicians were blinded to drug assignment.

The onset of septic shock was considered as the start of vasopressor agents (dopamine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine) after a fluid challenge with crystalloid and/or colloids caused no further ...

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter known to modulate motivation and reinforcement learning. While the role of dopamine in these reward-related processes is well-established, the cellular and ...