and counterstaining the vegetative cells with a dye of a different colour. The same treatment is used to differentiate acid-fast bacteria from others.

Urbanization reshapes soil microbes in surprising ways—bacteria adapt and become alike, while fungi resist change.

They can be caused by bacteria, insects, mites and fungi. They can be on any part of a plant and are the overgrowth of plant tissue in response to injury. Bacterial galls are the same color as ...