The topography of the world is ever changing. As rivers cut through mountains and seas batter shorelines, the shapes and landmarks that create the geography of the planet succumb to the elements ...

Maps matter because the shape and geology ... Lomonosov Ridge—the undersea mountain range that bisects the Arctic Ocean, Russia's declared stepladder to the North Pole in a 2001 claim—is ...

As competition for resources in the Arctic Ocean intensifies ... other Arctic nations and kicked the international rush to map out claims to the seabed into high gear. Last month, the United ...

passing Russia and Norway to connect China to Europe via the Arctic Ocean and the North Sea. The Polar route is rapidly becoming viable (at least in the northern summer) as global warming shrinks ...