As the former Director of Pediatric Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institute, Dr. Akhavan is one of the country's most experienced pediatric robotic surgeons. With robotic surgery, Dr. Akhavan strives to optimize patient outcomes while minimizing discomfort, length of hospitalization, and time to return to normal activities. While Dr. Akhavan offers both minimally invasive and open surgery options for all disorders of the kidneys, ureters, bladder and genitals, Dr. Akhavan has particular expertise in robotic surgery for infants and children with disorders associated with hydronephrosis, including vesicoureteral reflux and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Dr.